Overall membrane thickness in insect wings ranges from less than 0. The short crossveins closing the discal are notated according to common lepidopterological practice. Entomology all semester notes pdf file collections help for ag. The wings are composed of two membranes of the cuticle pressed together and supported by a series of veins. Flies have only one pair, unlike most but not all other insects, which have two pair.
Adult female schistocerca gregaria desert locusts bodyweight 2. In early insects the veins running down the wing longitudinal veins were connected by a series of cross veins. Found only in flies, these were formerly the second pair of wings. Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects article pdf available in journal of morphology 2735. Introduction to insects and diagnosing their damage. However, this requires an understanding of the evidence presented by the. The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins, which often have.
However, neuropterida are in fact derived among flying insects and thus a reconsideration of their wings is crucial. Evolutionary relationships of wing venation and wing size. Typical insect wing venation modified comstockneedham system in the insect history, the fossil records show that the early insect wing had 8 pairs of main veins. See more ideas about insect wings, wings and insects. Study the venation and nomenclature of the mosquito wing in the material given. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled gnu free documentation license. Alternative current approaches to homology and nomenclature of the insect wing venation are discussed. Wings venation and modification wings venation among the invertebrate animals, only insects possess wings. Needham the two things primarily involved in the making of the vena tion of insect wings are hypodermis and trachea. They have been reduced to clublike organs used for stability and guidance. The input files of the created models of group 1 can be found in s1s7 models. Groundplan, nomenclature, homology, phylogeny, and the question.
The hind wings are board membranous and folded in fanlike manner, which include the following venation. On the right side of the diagram there is a section across the wing. Wing types and venation ssnaik linkedin slideshare. Wing venation characters have long been used in systematics of winged insects, from specific to supraordinal ranks. The subfamilies are diagnosed mainly by features of the wing venation and genitalic morphology 3, 10, 11. A simple developmental model recapitulates complex insect wing venation patterns. Because the wing base is defined slightly differently in the 2 types of coordinate files, values of r file type 1 and r file type 2 calculated from the 2 files are not identical for the same. Entomologists study the venation of wings and this is often used as a way of differentiating between otherwise similar species. The wing membrane has microtrichia contrasted with chrysopidae, ovipositor not. Their wings develop as evaginations of the exoskeleton during morphogenesis but they become fully functional only during the adult stage of an insects life cycle. Entomology all semester notes pdf, file collections, entomology 1 pdf, entomology and acarology pdf, parasitology pdf, economic entomology notes pdf, entomology pdf, fundamentals of entomology pdf, entomology notes, veterinary entomology pdf, veterinary entomology 2 pdf, veterinary entomology 3 pdf, the insects an outline of entomology pdf, fundamentals of entomology pdf, introductory. Wing venation is a commonly used taxonomic character, especially at the family and species level. We tested if there is a phylogenetic signal concerning the change or reduction of wing venation and whether the evolutionary change in wing venation affects the shape of the wing.
Xylocopinae 2 the easiest method of separating ceratina from xylocopa is by size. Plecoptera wing venation has critical implications. Wing venation of appias catophaga paulina, showing both the comstockneedham terminology and the numerical system small ciphers for the long veins. Ent 425 general entomology resource library tutorials. The pattern of veins, the venation, is not haphazard but. Since all winged insects are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, the archediction represents the template that has been modified and streamlined by natural selection for 200 million. On the discussion of the wing venation of archaeorthoptera. Pdf traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in.
Small insects there are a number of very small 3mm or less insects that may occur on flowers, including pollen beetles, which can be very abundant. Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects. The wellknown insects, damselflies and dragonflies, have kept this design. Integer csv files of segmented images of all data along with code used in the. Key aspects of wing color or venation can be used for identification. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. Beetle wing venation is reduced and modified due to the folding structure. Costa c at the leading marginal of the forewing and hind wing, unbranched. Because of the longevity of the adults, months in some species. In contrast, male cyphoderris species exhibit highly symmetric wings with identical files, can swap wing overlap for singing, and produce only musical calls. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the origin of insect wings. Evolutionary relationships of wing venation and wing size and.
Insect orders labeled in light gray are not sampled or characterized as wingless full species. On the wingvenation of insects article pdf available. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. How we measure reads a read is counted each time someone views a publication. Costa c, subcosta posterior scp at the leading wing marginal, fused for most of the length. The two sectors often fused into one veinal stem near the wing base. Ceratina are less than 8 mm in length, whereas xylocopa are 20 mm or larger.
The archedictyon is the name given to a hypothetical scheme of wing venation proposed for the very first winged insect. We find that this model is able to capture some motifs from other insects as well. Wing venation of diptera according to oosterbroek fig. However, this requires an understanding of the evidence presented by. Radius anterior ra divided into two branches beyond the middle of the wing. The longitudinal and crossveins have specific names. Since then, insect wing designs vary where either the forewing or hindwing are specialized for force production, while many other insects are functionally 2 winged through. It is based on a combination of speculation and fossil data. Xylocopa generally resemble bumble bees in size and somewhat in color, being black, metallic bluish or greenish. In some very small insects, the venation may be greatly reduced. In all the developed models the thickness of the membrane was taken to be constant and equal to 2.
According to the results of our study of vein tracheation, new homology statements and a revised nomenclature for veins and cells are proposed. Jul 30, 2016 the hind wings are board membranous and folded in fanlike manner, which include the following venation. Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills. Wing venation morphology and variability of gerarus fischeri.
Computational analysis of size, shape and structure of. In chalcidoidea chalcid wasps, for instance, only the subcosta and part of the radius are present. Currently, hemerobiidae includes approximately 560 species 12, divided among 10 subfamilies. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Meganeura is a genus of extinct insects from the carboniferous period approximately 300 million years ago, which resembled and are related to the presentday dragonflies. Although they are presumably insufficient to provide a reliable phylogenetic signal by themselves grimaldi 2001, some complex characters of the wing venation of fossil orders related to orthoptera and odonata turned out to be. The present paper is the third and last of a series of papers on the wing venation of the homoptera by the writer.
Since all winged insects are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor, the archediction represents the template that has been modified and streamlined by natural selection for 200. Pattern of forewing base venation in archaeorthoptera late carboniferous. Venation entomologists glossary amateur entomologists. The wing veins were modelled as having a circular crosssection. Closer to the image recognition idea, lamprecht 2010 worked on shutterbug, photographing entire insects rather than just the wings from. Insect wing classification of mosquitoes and bees using. The differences between the opposing viewpoints are found to be not as deep as they have sometimes been supposed to be, and more so, there are some observations that could help to smooth current contradictions. The other papers have been published in the annals of the ent0 mological society of america, volume vi metcalf 19a and 19b. Some insect wings are iridescent under different angles of light with varying cuticle layer constructions. This is an image we provided for a sciencenews article. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments the mesothorax and metathorax, and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwings, respectively, though a few insects lack hindwings, even rudiments. Insect wing venation patterns, wing contour and shapes of veinbounded domains.
Representatives of some extinct orthopteroids caloneuridea, possessing homonomous wings, undoubtedly also must be reckoned here to belong to the present subtype eudolichopterygia. Computational analysis of size, shape and structure of insect. Lameere and others published on the wingvenation of insects find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, cockroaches, etc. Apart from the vertebrates, insects are the only other group of animals to have successfully evolved flight. The wings are more or less triangular in form and certain regions may be recognised. This type of wings is found among the odonata and neuroptera. The veins are named according to system of comstock and needham modified by wootton. Computational analysis of size, shape and structure of insect wings.
Because the wing base is defined slightly differently in the 2 types of coordinate files, values of r file type 1 and r file type 2 calculated from the 2 files. Documents bio is urgently needed for hexapod phylogeny. For many species of insects, there is a unique pattern of veins on every wing. Permission is granted to copy, distribute andor modify this document under the terms of the gnu free documentation license, version 1. Meganeura were predatory, with their diet mainly consisting of other insects. Some consider the order plecoptera as the sistergroup of all neopterous insects. Insect wing classification of mosquitoes and bees using co1. Note that the veins and morg of the wings are covered by scales which sometimes form characteristic patterns. In one genus, the second or subcostal wing vein has a row of bristles near its base on the ventral side. The insect wing costa subcosta radius medial cubitus anal jugal c sc r rs. Insect wing venation drawwing drawwing for insects. Oct 24, 2014 beetle wing venation is reduced and modified due to the folding structure. The identification of the actual wing venation of neuropterida is rendered difficult by fusions and losses, but these features provide systematic and taxonomically informative characters for the classification of the different. Bixadus sierricola white it is an important pest in central and west africa.
Wing pairs homonomous, hindwing only a little shorter than forewing. This page was last edited on 31 january 2020, at 20. They prefer softbodied insects such as aphids, mealybugs, and also insect eggs. Main text pdf supplement pdf link to journal equal contributors. This is unlikely compared with the the insect wing in. Conversely, an increase in venation may occur by the branching of existing veins to produce accessory veins or by the development of additional, intercalary veins between the original ones, as in the wings of orthoptera. The radius of the first moment of wing area represents the spanwise position of the centroid of wing area as a fraction of total wing length. Below, i show a real wing and a wing generated by our model. Wing tracheation in chrysopidae and other neuropterida.
The wings may be membranous, parchmentlike, heavily sclerotized, fringed with long hairs, or covered with scales. Each pair diverged from wing base into anterior convex and posterior concave sector e. Entomology all semester notes pdf file collections help. Identifying features outer skeleton exoskeleton 3 main body parts. The newly aligned and rotated images were saved as. Therefore, katydids can only sing using one wing overlap lw over rw and, depending on the species, produce either musical or broadband calls figs. Membranous wings are thin and more or less transparent. Jing dai 2006 and zhou et al 1985 utilised computer aided pattern recognition and digitized wing images to distinguish between insect species. Certain primitive insects like silver fish and spring tail have no wings apterous.
In the ephemerida, according to present interpretations of the wing venation, both. The pattern of veins, the venation, is not haphazard but very regular, though it does show modifications. Please provide an estimate of how many small insects you see in total on the target flower, but there is no need to identify the group so do not count pollen beetles in the beetles category. Diptera drawwing drawwing for insects identification. Venation is the name given to the arrangement number and position of veins within an insects wing. Radius r third longitudinal vein, branched to rs in forewing and hind wing. Mar 04, 2019 below, i show a real wing and a wing generated by our model. Brown lacewings are small to mediumsized insects fore wing length 3 to 9 mm in florida that are predaceous both as adults and larvae. One holds that wings evolved by modification of limb branches that were already present in multibranched ancestral appendages and.
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